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How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain
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Audible Audiobook
Listening Length: 14 hours and 32 minutes
Program Type: Audiobook
Version: Unabridged
Publisher: Brilliance Audio
Audible.com Release Date: March 7, 2017
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Language: English, English
ASIN: B01MZJ08US
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Emotions. We all have them. We assign them to inanimate objects like cars - "It's too cold outside. The poor girl is feeling rough this morning.". We assign them to animals - "You certainly are looking guilty for tearing up the trash can, Boomer!" But what ARE emotions? Why do some people feel them more intensely than others? Can you learn emotions? Can you unlearn emotions?Probably the one thing the author tries to get across to the reader is that people have preconceived notions and ideas about what emotions are, how people should or should not experience them, what it looks like when someone feels an emotion, etc. Dr. Barrett wants the reader to these notions aside and see emotions not as a "thing", because that isn't what they are. Emotions just, well, are. No two people experience emotions the same way. No two cultures experience them the same way. What we see and experience as happiness here in America (laughing out loud, broad smiles with teeth showing, buoyant displays, etc.) are normal for us, but for another culture like the Japanese they are much more reserved (polite chuckles, smiling without showing teeth, hands over mouths if they do smile widely, etc.). Is there way of experiencing emotions wrong? Absolutely not, it's just different.The author also delves into just how deeply the mind and body are connected. She mentions how self-help books tend to focus only on the mind, on trying to master emotions. The problem is, these books tend to overlook the significant role the body (or "body budget") plays in our emotions. Did you know that 30% of ALL medications taken in the US are to treat negative emotions? Thirty. Percent. The trouble is, when these medications are prescribed, the doctor and the patient rarely take into account what signals the brain is receiving from the body and how out of whack your body budget is. The author also postulates that this is one reason some people turn to drugs and/or alcohol. Rather than treating the reason their body and emotions are misfiring, they use chemicals to trick the mind and body into thinking and feeling like everything is okay. She doesn't claim that medications to help with emotions and feelings like depression, bi-polarism, schizophrenia, and others, but Dr. Barrett does advise, even while she says "I suddenly sound like your mother, that "there is no substitute, biologically speaking" for "eating healthfully, exercising, and getting enough sleep." Following chapters go even further into just how deeply the body and mind are intertwined, and I have to admit the hypotheses she puts forth in this book are utterly fascinating.It sounds odd, but one of the best parts of the book for me was the bibliography. If you enjoyed reading this book by Dr. Barrett, then the bibliography is going to be the unexpected free gift with purchase. Please, please, please take the time to go through every reference for this book. If not,you will miss such incredible books like 'Madame Secretary: A Memoir' by Madeleine Albright or 'Animal Wise: How We know Animals Think and Feel' by Victoria Morrell. Since finishing 'How Emotions are Made", I've already read these two and have ordered three more. A good number of the references are from medical journals, but those are pretty easy to find online. Don't be surprised if you also come away with a new found interest in other aspects of the human mind and body, such as how gut microbes and how science is learning just how large and extensive a role they play in our lives.Many times books about medical subjects are so dry and technical that it's a chore to even get through the introduction, let alone the whole book. Dr. Barrett's book doesn't 'dumb down' the science for the readers, and she also doesn't litter every sentence with technical and medical terminology. the best way to describe her voice is as if you are in a class with your favorite teacher. Your teacher comes up with easy to comprehend analogies and comparisons so that the whole class understands the subject of the lecture - not just the top students in the class. Your teacher is also passionate about the subject, speaks with great animation, and your attention on their words is so rapt that you forget that you should be taking notes. At the end of the lecture, you feel a bit disappointed that it's over but you are now really interested and excited about the subject and head for the bookstore to see what other books you can find on the subject. THIS is the kind of style Dr. Barrett writes in, and the exact kind of feeling she invoked in this reader. I admit that I have always enjoyed books (even textbooks) about the mysteries of the mind (human or animal) and body, so this book was a no-brainer (no pun intended) to read. 'How Emotions Are Made' is not a fast read, but it is definitely a worthy one.
This book is about emotions, but, the setup work of describing how the brain works was more interesting to me. I love the idea that we Experience our Constructed Model of the World as Reality. The other big ideas are: Constructed Emotions, Body Budgeting, Affective Realism, Social Reality (as a Super Power), and the Interoceptive System. There is a lot to unpack here. And, there are a few nits, too. Some of this is my spin on what the book says.Since my lens is Consciousness, the idea of the Model as Reality is the key to the book FOR ME. This ia a fragment of text that needs a lot of set-up. And the set-up needs set-up, too. So, the set-up and this text are repeated near the end. Obviously, the book leads you into this gently.p287: "From these three inevitabilities of the mind, we see that construction teaches us to be skeptical. Your experiences are not a window into reality. Rather, your brain is wired to model your world, driven by what is relevant for your body budget, and then you experience that model as Reality..."Also, very current about unlearning implicit bias, aka, Training the Elephant: "It is your responsibility to learn concepts that, through prediction, steer you away from harmful actions."Barrett goes into a lot of detail on a set of concepts that all have to do with modelling Reality. They are: Concepts (the model), Simulation (running the model), Prediction (using the model), Error Correction (tweaking the current categorization and/or the Concept). [jch] Our mental model is a "deep learning" model and categorization similar is "inference" in deep learning lingo, except deep learning does not have the simultaneous predictions...Prediction: (See Also: Clark's Surfing Uncertaintity)p59: "Though prediction, your brain constructs the world you experience. It combines bits and pieces of your past and estimates how likely each bit applies in you current situation."p62 "Through prediction and correction, your brain continually creates and revises your mental model of the world. It's a huge ongoing simulation that constructs everything you perceive while determining how you act..."p64 "When prediction errors occur there are two general options:" 1) change prediction or 2) filter sensory input to match prediction (Affective Realism, aka, implicit bias)I'd add 3) Throw the prediction error to consciousness. Perhaps that would be considered "Experiential Blindness".Barrett's Concepts are VERY SIMILAR to Bor's. Chunking. The "bits and pieces" packaged up into easily retrievable bundles.p29: "Every moment that you are alive, your brain uses concepts to simulate the outside world. Without concepts, you are experientially blind, as you were with the [ visual anomaly ] . With concepts, your brain simulates so invisibly and automatically that vision, hearing, and your other senses seem like reflexes rather than constructions."Constructed Emotions: emotions are concepts and the finer the granularity of your concepts, the easier it is to feel what you're feeling. It is more efficient.p67: "Usually, you experience interception only in general terms: those simple feelings of pleasure, displeasure, arousal, or calmness [mentioned earlier] Sometimes, however, you experience moments of intense interoceptive sensations as emotions. That is a key element of the theory of constructed emotion.In every waking moment, your brain gives your sensations meaning. Some of those sensations are interoceptive sensations, and the resulting meaning can be an instance of an emotion."p35: "The theory of constructed emotion incorporates elements of all three flavors of construction. From social construction, it acknowledges the importance of culture and concepts. From psychological construction, it considers emotions to be constructed by core systems in the brain and body. And from neuroconstuction, it adopts the idea that experience wires the brain."Barrett spent the early part of her PhD work trying to detect the "signatures of emotions" for the universal emotions, which was and still is the commonly accepted view. She could not find them. Instead, she started thinking in terms of population thinking. Each instance of anger is unique, based on habit and circumstance.On p 138, Emotions are 1) to make meaning - to understand one's state is more efficient, 2) prescribe action, 3) regulate your body budget to prepare for said action. These 3 are about you. Two other functions: emotional communication and social influence.Social Realityp134. "Emotions become real to us through two human capabilities that are prerequisites for Social Reality. First, you need a group a people to agree that a concept exists, such as "Flower" or "Cash" or "Happiness". This shared knowledge is called collective intentionality. Most people barely think about collective intentionality, but it nevertheless is a foundation of every society. Even your own name is made real through collective intentionality."p135. "Collective intentionality is necessary for social reality but not sufficient. Certain non-human animals are capable of a rudimentary form of collective intentionality without social reality. Ants work together toward a common activity, as do bees. ... Humans are unique, however, because our collective intentionality involves mental concepts. We can look at a hammer, a chainsaw, and an ice pick and categorize them all as "Tools," then change our minds and categorize them all as "Murder Weapons" We can impose functions that would not otherwise exist, thereby inventing reality. We can work this magic because we have the second prerequisite for social reality: language. No other animals have collective intentionality combined with words."Body BudgetBody Budget is a term that is purposefully vague, but it works. Your brain minimizes the amount of energy it expends. It can refer to body budgeting regions, metabolism, psychological well being. The lab just published: Evidence for a large-scale brain system supporting allostasis and interoception in humans_ in Nature, Human Behavior. Ian R. Kleckner.p200: Your body budget fluctuates normally throughout the day, as your brain anticipates your body's needs and shifts around your budgetary resources like oxygen, glucose, salt, and water. When you digest food, your stomach and intestines "borrow" resources from your muscles. When you run, your muscles borrow from your liver and kidneys. During these transfers, your budget remains solvent.Affective RealismAffective Realism is a step past implicit bias. The Reality we see/hear is shaped by our affect.p79: "You might believe that you are a rational creature, weighing the pros and cons before deciding how to act, but the structure of your cortex makes this an implausible fiction. Your brain is wired to listen to your body budget. Affect is in the driver's seat and rationality is a passenger. It doesn't matter whether you're choosing between two snacks, two job offers, two investments, or two heart surgeons your everyday decisions are driven by a loudmouthed, mostly deaf scientist who views the world through affect-colored glasses."InteroceptionExteroception are the senses vision, hearing, etc. Interoception senses our internal state.p73: "Interoception is a fundamental feature of the human nervous system, and why you experience these sensations as affect is one of the great mysteries of science. Interoception did not evolve for you to have feelings but to regulate your body budget. It helps your brain track your temperature, how much glucose you are using, whether you have any tissue damage, whether your heart is pounding, whether your muscles are stretching, and other bodily conditions, all at the same time. Your affective feelings of pleasure and displeasure, and calmness and agitation, are simple summaries of your budgetary state. Are you flush?Are you overdrawn?Do you need a deposit, and if so, how desperately?Experiencing our Constructed Model of the World as RealityNow, hopefully this makes sense. Perhaps, as my wife says, this is obvious to everyone, but, to me, it's a great model for consciousness.p283: "Affective Realism, the phenomenon that you experience what you believe, is inevitable because of your wiring. The body budgeting regions ... are the most powerful predictors in your brain, and your primary sensory regions are eager listeners. Body budget predictions are laden with affect, not logic and reason, are the main drivers of your experience and behavior."p284: "Affective Realism is an inevitability, yet you are not helpless against it. The best defense against it is curiosity...""The second inevitability of the mind is that you have concepts, because the human brain is wired to construct a conceptual system.""The third inevitability of the mind is social reality." ... The social world becomes real.p287: "From these three inevitabilities of the mind, we see that construction teaches us to be skeptical. Your experiences are not a window into reality. Rather, your brain is wired to model your world, driven by what is relevant for your body budget, and then you experience that model as Reality..."We are responsible for our actions. Sure, your brain made you do it, but, "It is your responsibility to learn concepts that, through prediction, steer you away from harmful actions." We all need to "Train the Elephant" in Haidt's rider and the elephant metaphor.p155 "If you grow up in a society full of anger or hate, you can't be blamed for having the associated concepts, but as an adult, you can choose to educate yourself and learn additional concepts. It's certainly not an easy task, but it is doable. This is another basis for my frequent claim, "You are an architect of your experience?" You are indeed partly responsible for your actions, even so-called emotional reactions that you experience as out of your control. It is your responsibility to learn concepts that, through prediction, steer you away from harmful actions. You also bear some responsibility for others, because your actions shape other people's concepts and behaviors, creating the environment that turns genes on and off to wire their brains, including the brains of the next generation. Social reality implies that we are all partly responsible for one another's behavior, not in a fluffy, let's-all-blame-society sort of way, but a very real brain-wiring way."Nits.Granted, I am not the target for this book. I have read a lot of books and papers on Consciousness. This book is aimed at a much wider audience and I hope it does really well. For the most part, Barrett does a good job balancing between abstraction and complexity and dumbing the subject down. One example of dumbing it down too much is when she discusses to Damasio and the loss of a specific brain region at that point, just name the orbitofrontal context.1) Terminology - intrinsic networks (p58), which is way too vague. The term Intrinsic Brain Network get 1.5M gaggle hits, while Large Scale Brain Networks (LSBN) gets 9.7M hits. Why not use the more decriptive and more widely used term?Another example, Theory of Mind is the widely used term for figuring out intentions, beliefs, etc of other people. She uses mental inference. If you are going to use a different term, use a more explicit term.Interception system would be better than interoception network. If the default mode Network is a part of it and the brain network concept is well established, don't add another layer of networks. No mention of Vagus Nerve..Barrett refers to brain regions as if they were homogeneous "brain blobs". If all nodes in a network are homogeneous, then the intelligence would live in the routing tables, and downplaining the regions would be fine. HOWEVER, cytoarchitecture makes it clear that the different nodes have different processing capabilites. So the brain regions are as important as the network topology and they should be identified if it is relevant.Universal Emotionsp173: So when the classical view [ of emotions ] reasserted itself in the 1960s, half a century of anti-essentialist research was swept into history's dustbin. And we are all the poorer for it, considering how much time and money are being wasted today in pursuit of illusory emotion essences. At press time, Microsoft is analyzing facial photographs in an attempt to recognize emotion. Apple has recently purchased Emollient. . . Google . . ."What? If emotions are not essences, not purely physiological, then it is a waste of time to detect them? Since language is learned, is it a waste of time to do speech recognition? What if the core emotions are not inherent physiologically, but, they are nearly universal because part of the Social Reality so early that they are nearly universal. They are like Proto-Indo-European roots.Another nit, she uses "scientists say" too much, as if everyone agrees with her.Nerdly nit: p129 "We only experience red when light of 600 nanometers reflects off of an object". If you are reading a screen and there is red on it, that is being emitted, not reflected.So, if you are well read in neuroscience, it may be a little distracting in some places, but, it was a lot of new material for me and SO worthwhile!!!
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